Home  5  Books  5  GBEzine  5  News  5  HelpDesk  5  Register  5  GreenBuilding.co.uk
Not signed in (Sign In)

Categories



Green Building Bible, Fourth Edition
Green Building Bible, fourth edition (both books)
These two books are the perfect starting place to help you get to grips with one of the most vitally important aspects of our society - our homes and living environment.

PLEASE NOTE: A download link for Volume 1 will be sent to you by email and Volume 2 will be sent to you by post as a book.

Buy individually or both books together. Delivery is free!


powered by Surfing Waves




Vanilla 1.0.3 is a product of Lussumo. More Information: Documentation, Community Support.

Welcome to new Forum Visitors
Join the forum now and benefit from discussions with thousands of other green building fans and discounts on Green Building Press publications: Apply now.

The AECB accepts no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this site. Views given in posts are not necessarily the views of the AECB.



    •  
      CommentAuthorecoworrier
    • CommentTimeSep 2nd 2007
     
    Found this in the Observer today. http://politics.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,2160765,00.html
    Is it true?:neutral:
  1.  
    No.
    • CommentAuthortony
    • CommentTimeSep 2nd 2007
     
    Wind generated electricity can never nor was ever intended to produce all our needs or even to generate all the time. It was always there to
    add to our generating capacity and to save other valuable resources in doing so. The idea that it is a disaster that they are only generating 27 or 28% of their maximum 30% available from the winds is nonsense. I would rather call this 90% success at getting out the energy. Had the targets been a little more realistic we could now be all jumping up and down celebrating wind farms having generated 10% above expectations. All these numbers were likely set to encourage investors: and look what happens when journalists get at them.

    Bottom line is that we are now using more wind generated energy than ever before and we are likely to keep using more ( it is now economic for us to do so ) .
    This is GREAT.
    •  
      CommentAuthorecoworrier
    • CommentTimeSep 2nd 2007
     
    I concur after a small amount of research (makes you wonder what journalists do all day)
    It turns out that Michael Jefferson used to work for Shell.( make of that what you will)
    According to Shells own research they believe that in 2060 Wind power will account for 50%
    of the worlds energy production.

    Current prices of energy production are ( cents kWh ,Worldwatch 2004)
    Wind 3-5
    Gas 3.4-5
    Coal 4.3-4.8

    Interestingly if you factor in Environmental and heath costs associated with energy production.
    Wind 3.1-5.3
    Gas 4.5-9.5
    Coal 6.6-21.7

    So on the contrary, Wind works well. :bigsmile:
  2.  
    I'm pro wind power and all renewables but I'm not sure the cents per kWh figures that are quoted are actually comparing like with like.

    Wind power can be added to an electricity grid up to a point without having much effect on the stability of the system frequency. However, if you keep expanding it, there comes a point when we have to start installing either standby capacity (like gas turbines), or a medium of storage (like pumped storage or hydrogen fuel cells) specifically to cater for the times when the wind turbines aren't generating. The same goes for solar power and some other renewables. Ignore this and eventually the whole grid will go down.

    When comparing costs with fossil fuel and nuclear power stations, which are "on" all the time with planned outages, the cost of this standby or storage capacity should be factored into the unit price of the wind power generation. Expanding all renewables rather than just wind power might mitigate the need for this reserve capacity slightly because they will be on and off lines at different times.

    I'm not trying to knock wind power, but to suggest we can just install wind turbines up to 50% of our electricity needs without addressing this issue and only measuring the cost as the bare cost of just putting the turbines up and plugging them into the grid is over simplying the issue. We should have fully inclusive cost figures for all forms of electricity generation on a consistent basis, including a price for greenhouse gas pollution, if we are to make rational judgements on what type of generating capacity to install.
  3.  
    windfarms can produce electricity at around 25 -35% of their capacity if properly sited. Unfortunately, as the number of windfarms proliferate, a grid system (either existing or hypothetical) can absorb only a declining % of the available electricity produced by windfarms. The surplus generated is euphemistically termed 'curtailed' ie switched off or wasted.The effective maximum which can be aborbed is 5 to 10% of annual power consumed. The reason for this is that consumers require guaranteed continuous supply, but wind is variable and uncontrollable. The matter has been explored incessantly in very great depth by leading consulting engineers on behalf of governments etc, and is a reality .

    The only exception to this rule is where a large portion of the grid is supplied by hydroelectric power, as this can be turned on and off quickly. Of course, if you already have immense hydroelectric capacity, you don't need wind turbines anyway. In Denmark for example it is claimed that up to 20% of electricity is generated by windfarms. This is highly misleading. In reality only about 5% of this is utilised in Denmark for the reasons outlined above, and the rest exported at low prices by grid connections to neighbouring countries, mainly Norway and Sweden which have large hydroelectric supplies.

    As a separate matter, it is the case that spikes of high demand or low supply (eg the latter arising from 'light wind') mean use of high-cost stand-by generating capacity - which is chosen for its instant responsiveness, not for its cheapness nor greenness. That is a very high external cost attributable to windfarms which is not factored into most politically-inspired cost comparisons.

    As it happens authorative published reports estimate that the return on emmission savings by national investment in windfarms cost about 130 Euros per tonpa. This compares withthe current emission trading price in the open market of E20 to E30 /tonpa. In other words, more thgan 6 times as much carbon emissions could be saved by investment in other industries or methods of reduction.

    windfarms are a political con which line the pockets of rich investors and disfigure the countryside in order that governments can claim serious attention to emissions.

    of course governments secretly know that a collision with reality is approaching, and worse still it is now getting too close for their comfort and can't be ignored for some future government to solve. That is why without exception, all major countries are now preparing the public for more nuclear power.

    Animal Farm lives!
  4.  
    Posted By: ecoworrierAccording to Shells own research they believe that in 2060 Wind power will account for 50%
    of the worlds energy production.
    That's not true either (nor is much of what funcrusher says).
  5.  
    How would you propose we solve the problem of non-continuous generation from wind turbines then Biff?

    George Monbiot recognises the problem in his book "Heat" suggesting that we "pair up" offshore wind farms and new pumped storage sites in the Scottish Highlands to provide continuous output linked to the grid with high voltage direct current cables. It is one idea which sounds feasible. However, you would have to weigh the total cost of this whole infrastructure against other options (nuclear or coal burning with carbon capture), not just the cost of the wind turbines.
    •  
      CommentAuthorfostertom
    • CommentTimeSep 2nd 2007 edited
     
    Use the wind electricity to electrolyse hydrogen from water, then burn that in turbines (or CHP plants) when the wind drops. Same problem/solution with photovoltaic generation - though note that photovoltaic (best in summer daytime) nicely complements wind (best on stormy winter nights)
  6.  
    The lecture I attended by a leading scandinavian designing engineer stated the more wind farms installed around a wider number of locations creates reliability and consistancy (a bit like a balanced portfolio).

    Having a flexible demand side i.e. using smart metered residential homes would use surplus over supply!
    • CommentAuthortony
    • CommentTimeSep 2nd 2007
     
    Lets not argue about how much wind energy the grid can take --- we are no where near that yet. Nor is it a real argument to say that there would have to be back up supplies available -- the wind is simply augmenting the existing supply system and is is far and away better to push it straight into the grid than to use it to try to produce some other fuel inefficiently -- we are no where near that yet either.

    Lets see tidal, solar, and other renewables come into the equation too.
  7.  
    Right Tony, it's a non-problem at least until you get up to around 20% wind. Over-production of electricity on windy days is actually a bigger problem than the calm days. The Danes more or less give electricity away to the French sometimes.
    • CommentAuthortony
    • CommentTimeSep 2nd 2007
     
    Yippee - We agreed about something!!
    •  
      CommentAuthorfostertom
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Posted By: fostertomUse the wind electricity to electrolyse hydrogen from water, then burn that in turbines (or CHP plants)
    Anyone know what the efficiency of these 2 steps wd be - how much of the originally-generated energy wd be lost? How wd that compare with the losses in pumped storage? Note that the hydrogen could be electrolysed and stored right at any gas turbine power station.
  8.  
    Pointless waste. Better to use deep dry rock geothermal, tidal barage and tidal stream for balancing the load following.
    •  
      CommentAuthorfostertom
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Posted By: biffvernonPointless waste
    Really? - how wasteful?
    Are you saying it's more economic to invest in tidal, even enormously expensive tidal barrage, letting it lie idle ready for instantaneous start-up when the wind drops, than it is to do same with other alternatives, pumped storage or biofuel or hydrogen zero-carbon turbine generators/CHP?
    How wd the deep dry rock geothermal get turned into electricity? - surely not hot enough to drive turbines?
    I suppose one advantage of pumped storage is that the plant doesn't lie idle - it's either full-on in accumulation or generation mode.
  9.  
    When you look on the costs of wind energy, you must also consider that you need conventional power stations behind hit to smooth the production... And that adds another 3 cents to you costs....
    •  
      CommentAuthorfostertom
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Posted By: alex_doorisyou need conventional power stations behind
    That's business-as-usual counterpropaganda, to e.g. justify nuclear - we're here discussing the green(er) alternative ways to 'smooth the production'.
  10.  
    here's what FoE have to say on the subject

    Friends of the Earth defended the viability of wind farms following a BBC Radio Four documentary claimed that `the power of the wind to deliver electricity is being overestimated by companies keen to cash in on big subsidies.'

    Nick Rau, Renewables Campaigner for Friends of the Earth said:

    "The suggestion that wind farms are being subsidised to stand idle is completely incorrect as wind farms only make money for the energy they generate. Energy from wind is still a shamefully under-utilised resource: In Germany more than 5% of electricity comes from wind power, compared with less than 1% in the UK, where we have stronger and more consistent winds. UK wind turbines produce almost twice as much power as those on the continent. We must cut our CO2 emissions. Wind power can and will replace significant amounts of fossil fuel generation."
    • CommentAuthortony
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Here here.
    •  
      CommentAuthorfostertom
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    As in right here in my back yard?
  11.  
    JEFF nz; The portfolio idea only makes a small difference owing to the high statistical correlation of the presence of windy conditions over very wide geographical areas. The power available for harvest in the wind increases with the cube of the wind speed, so although only a small proporetion of days are calm, nevertheless only a small proportion of windy days account for the majority of the power.To be viable and provide continuous power for consumer needs, it would require an immense number of windfarms in the Uk, sufficient to produce not only enough power for the Uk in light wind, but also for say half of Europe which happens to be calm; and vice versa. ALSO, there are serious transmission losses over large distances. FINALLY, consumer needs are high in the day and low at night in winter high demand seasons - but the wind doesn't know this.

    Biff: dismissing posts from othe contributors (eg me) as simply 'not true' is simply an assertion backed with neither reason nor evidence. Furthermore I suggest your comments regarding exports by the Danes are wrong for two reasons; (1) The grid inter-connectors are Denmark/Scandinavia and Denmark/Germany, and (2) France has a large surplus of generating capacity, with a very large baseload of nuclear power. It exports 15% or more of production, much to the Uk, and nuclear accounts for 78% of its output (90% of its own needs)
  12.  
    I agree that grid stability is not yet a problem with the wind power we have installed. I've no accurate idea when it would become a problem but I suspect it will be less than the 20% you suggest Biff. Where did you get that figure from? I don't believe we have 20% reserve capacity at peak times now, not that can be brought on line easily in calm weather. You can't fire up a moth balled coal fired power station up at short notice. It is only really hydro, pumped storage or gas turbines held as "spinning reserve" that can be used to balance supply and demand at the flick of a switch.

    If we want to expand renewables to something meaningful, like 50% of supply, and retain a stable national grid, we have to start bolstering the network with more pumped storage, more hydro and tidal energy. You can't do this overnight it will take decades of sustained investment. We can do all these things now with the technology we have, unlike the hydrogen solution. We would be investing in long lasting assets and enhancing our energy security.

    I still maintain that renewables and energy storage should costed as a package otherwise intermittent renewables are using the grid reserve capacity as a "free good" in the same way that fossil generators are using the atmosphere as a free sewer for their CO2. The grid needs the reserve capacity it already has without any renewables i.e. for unplanned outages etc. Adding intermittent renewables increases this need and there is a cost associated with that, i.e. we will have to build more conventional power stations to provided the extra slack in the system.

    We find the money to build sport stadiums for the Olympics which will mostly stand empty after the games but not for vital energy infrastructure projects. If the Government was serious about renewable energy they would be preparing the grid to take higher percentages of intermittent sources of supply. The fact that they are not doing this either means they have their heads in the sand or the renewables program is greenwash and set up to fail making an expansion of nuclear energy appear "unavoidable".

    I think the supporters of renewables, and I include myself in that, would do well to grasp this nettle now and propose viable solutions rather than dismissing it for fear of it being used as a weapon by those would don't want to see an expansion of renewable energy. We can't just keep adding wind turbines incrementally and hope something will turn up.
  13.  
    dead right chris. Pumped storage is probably not really viable on a large scale in the uk, as in principle it needs two adjacent reservoirs for starters.

    All engineers love hydro because it is cheapest long term, but sites are few in densely populated countries, and mostly long-since exploited. reservoirs and tidal barrages have big environmental downsides too. The other futuristic ideas are just that: a long long way off any viable industrial scale. that leaves only nuclear and fossil fuel for the next 50 years.

    Much of green-speak is wishful thinking or cottage industry stuff. Until more environmentalists face up to hard facts, they will never win the war.
    •  
      CommentAuthorecoworrier
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Posted By: biffvernonRight Tony, it's a non-problem at least until you get up to around 20% wind.

    Good point chaps, I hadn't thought of that, no one likes a smart arse though. :tongue:
    •  
      CommentAuthorfostertom
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Succinctly put, Chris, very informative, changes things, thanks. What does Biff/oildrum say?
  14.  
    Regarding geothermal, basically you drill two deep holes, pump cold water down one and very hot water up the other. It comes up hot enough to turn to steam on depressurisation to drive the turbines. (It's not quite that simple.) MIT did a big study last year, downloadable from http://pesn.com/2007/01/22/9500449_MIT_Geothermal_Report/ and there is a major experimental project ongoing at Soultz in France. There are good introductions to the topic at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power and at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dry_rock_geothermal_energy

    Geothermal should be viewed as an energy source at least on the same scale as pv, wind, wave and tidal.


    For those who want to learn more about how variable energy sources can fit into grid electricity PowerSwitch at http://www.powerswitch.org.uk/forum/index.php and The Oil Drum at http://europe.theoildrum.com/ may be more appropriate forums.
    •  
      CommentAuthorecoworrier
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    So storage is the key issue, with pumped storage is the height differential between the two bodies of water a major issue?
    Or would, say a 10m fall suffice?

    Just thinking allowed, I was reminded of the International rivers network report about microhydro, small is beautiful.
    Although that was mainly about energy use in remote parts of the world.

    Tidal Turbine's look interesting, should be cheaper and cause less "environmental damage" than a barrage.
    http://www.seageneration.co.uk/default.asp
    •  
      CommentAuthorted
    • CommentTimeSep 3rd 2007
     
    Graham Sinden of ECI Oxford Uni has published many papers on the issues of the intermittency of renewables.

    This one looks at the links between periods of high winds and high electricity demand and shows a positive correlation.

    http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/sinden06-windresource.pdf
  15.  
    Tony et al: Grid managers in every country contradict Biff regarding % of manageable windpower. The range 5 to 10% (depending on national consumption patterns, wind propensity and base load stations)is the maximum before curtailment becomes so serious as to render any extension of windpower futile. Denmark's oft repeated claim of 20% (they would say that wouldn't they - they manufacture turbines!)disguises the fact that 3/4 of it is sent to scandinavia and germany at give-away prices. The grid operators in Ireland refused to connect any more windfarms above approx 2%, and had a year-long stand-off for a year with the government. There followed a report by UK consulting engineers essentially backing the grid managers' view. The Irish Government's reponse was to make it a statutory obligation to connect windfarms whilst agreeing to spend £500m (estimate) on a grid connector to wales (subject to UK approval). This will increase the grid stability, but not to anything remotely like a 20% windpower content.

    Grid interconnectors are expensive, of limited capacity, and increase the power losses in transmission. Obviously, it is inherent in an grid that the larger it is, by the law of averages it becomes better able to cope with fluctuations. But reaching a target of 20% of electricity from wind must take account of low-wind days, which thus means getting 100% of national electricity from wind during windy periods,NOT a level 20% every day. And because electricity demand fluctuates heavily with time of day and time of year, that 20% target means having sufficient turbines to produce nearly 100% of any PEAK demand which happens to coincide with windy periods. Otherwise, you can't get to the 20% average. But that means a lot windy days below peak demand when wind power is surplus; as well as all the calmer days when power stations must fill the gap.

    That means having a grid which in peak demand can cope with either distributing electricity from power stations, or from wind farms, whilst being able to switch between the two at a moment's notice, as well as coping with fluctuating demand. And somewhere, if only at the end of an international interconnector, there has to be the power stations.

    In the case of Denmark the population is only 5million, and they have interconnected to about 100m grid population in Germany and Scandinavia to 'solve' their grid stability problem. The german grid of 85million gains virtually no stability from joining with the paltry 5m Danes - it just buys curtailed (thrown away) electricity from them at very cheap prices, and the chance to sell back to the Danes base-load power at high prices when Denmark is becalmed.

    Remember the basic consumer requirement is for uninterrupted electricity. Both excess generation and non-guaranteed supply have a low value, with only very few economic applications. And the more you have of these, the less they are worth. So as windfarm % rises, the value of their non-guaranteed marginal supply quickly falls to a tiny fraction of guaranteed supply.
   
The Ecobuilding Buzz
Site Map    |   Home    |   View Cart    |   Pressroom   |   Business   |   Links   
Logout    

© Green Building Press